Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited

Toshikazu Nishimura

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

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Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited

Toshikazu Nishimura

Published in Cell Biology (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 15 March 2018 Accepted: 8 April 2018 Published: 5 May 2018

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Abstract

Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.

Published in	Cell Biology (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
Page(s)	9-12
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vesicular Trafficking, Macromolecules, Transportation Course, Nuclear Diaphragm, Target Cell Nuclei, Exterior of Cells, Steroid-Protein Conjugates, Intact Antigenicity

References

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APA Style

Toshikazu Nishimura. (2018). Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biology, 6(1), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

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ACS Style

Toshikazu Nishimura. Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biol. 2018, 6(1), 9-12. doi: 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

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AMA Style

Toshikazu Nishimura. Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biol. 2018;6(1):9-12. doi: 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

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@article{10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12,
  author = {Toshikazu Nishimura},
  title = {Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited},
  journal = {Cell Biology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cb.20180601.12},
  abstract = {Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited
AU  - Toshikazu Nishimura
Y1  - 2018/05/05
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
T2  - Cell Biology
JF  - Cell Biology
JO  - Cell Biology
SP  - 9
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0183
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
AB  - Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Toshikazu Nishimura

Japan College of Rehabilitation and Welfare Professionals, Nagoya, Japan

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Toshikazu Nishimura. (2018). Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biology, 6(1), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

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ACS Style

Toshikazu Nishimura. Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biol. 2018, 6(1), 9-12. doi: 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

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AMA Style

Toshikazu Nishimura. Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biol. 2018;6(1):9-12. doi: 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12,
  author = {Toshikazu Nishimura},
  title = {Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited},
  journal = {Cell Biology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cb.20180601.12},
  abstract = {Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited
AU  - Toshikazu Nishimura
Y1  - 2018/05/05
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
T2  - Cell Biology
JF  - Cell Biology
JO  - Cell Biology
SP  - 9
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0183
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
AB  - Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download